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Real Estate Crowdfunding Fees Compared: Every Platform in 2026 (With Hidden Costs)

By Jorge··Updated October 16, 2026·26 min read

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Quick Answer

Real estate crowdfunding fees vary wildly — from 0% on Groundfloor (investor side) to over 3% all-in on some CrowdStreet deals. Fundrise's Flagship fund charges a 0.85% management fee, and its May 1, 2026 prospectus puts total annual fund expenses at 1.78% (Income fund: 2.13%). Arrived Homes charges 0.6% a year of the purchase price on its single-family rentals, but also 3.5% sourcing, 1% brokerage and up to 2% offering expenses going in and a 6-7% disposition fee at sale (about 2.7% to 2.9% a year over a six-year hold, our arithmetic), while its Single Family Residential Fund charges 1% annual. EquityMultiple layers 0.5-1.5% annual + profit participation on common equity. RealtyMogul charges 1-1.25% on its REITs. CrowdStreet says "zero investor fees" but sponsors routinely bake management fees into deals. The real answer isn't "who's cheapest" — it's "whose fee structure matches what I'm buying." Below is the full breakdown with every hidden cost.

Corrected October 16, 2026 — Fundrise prospectus date. Earlier versions of this page gave the date of the Fundrise Flagship and Income prospectuses as April 29 or April 30, 2026. Both are dated May 1, 2026: EDGAR accepted each Form 486BPOS on the evening of April 29, gave it a filing date of April 30 and made it effective on May 1 (Flagship filing index, Income filing index). The fee figures cited are unchanged. The 30-year fee table also had arithmetic errors: the VNQ row now reads $97,056 and $3,571 (it said $97,275 and $2,344), and the RealtyMogul, EquityMultiple and CrowdStreet rows were recomputed too (our arithmetic, method shown under the table).

CSV · 18 rows

The data table in this article, as CSV

The 18-row table from this article as CSV: Platform, Annual Management Fee, Upfront / Transaction Fees, Profit Share / Carried Interest…. Sources are listed in the article.

Correction, October 15, 2026. Earlier versions of this page described Arrived Homes' fee as "0.15% per quarter" or an "AUM" fee. Arrived Homes, LLC's offering circular (dated January 30, 2025) and FY2025 Form 1-K (filed April 30, 2026) set an annual asset management fee of 0.6% of the purchase price of the house (not a percentage of your balance), paid from the house's rental income, plus one-time fees: a 3.5% sourcing fee, a 1% brokerage fee, up to 2% offering expenses and a disposition fee expected at 6% to 7% of the sale price. Series qualified before July 12, 2022 pay 1% of capital contributions instead. See Fundrise vs Arrived Homes for the full comparison.

If you've read our beginners guide to real estate crowdfunding, you know fees can quietly eat half your returns. This article shows exactly what you're paying on each platform. For the companion breakdown on how much you need to start, see our real estate crowdfunding minimum investment comparison.

Nobody writes this article honestly. Platform marketing pages bury the fees three clicks deep. Listicles parrot the headline "1% flat" without mentioning the 3.5% sourcing fee on top. I'm going to lay out every fee on every major platform — including the ones they don't want you to see.

Then I'll show you which fees actually matter, which are just noise, and how to decide whether any of this is worth paying.

The One-Page Fee Table

This is the table you came for. Every fee, every platform, in one place.

PlatformAnnual Management FeeUpfront / Transaction FeesProfit Share / Carried InterestEffective Annual Cost
Fundrise (Flagship/Income)0.85% mgmt; total fund expenses 1.78% Flagship / 2.13% Income (prospectuses, May 1, 2026)NoneNone~1.78% (Flagship); 2.04% actual H1 2026
Fundrise Innovation Fund (VCX)1.85% (recently raised to 2.50%)NoneNone~1.85-2.50%
Arrived — Individual Rentals0.60% of purchase price a year, paid from rent (1% of capital for series qualified before July 12, 2022)3.5% sourcing + 1% brokerage + up to 2% offering expenses; 6-7% disposition fee at saleNone~2.7-2.9% a year over a six-year hold (our arithmetic); 0.6% yearly fee alone
Arrived — Vacation Rentals~0.4% (0.1%/qtr variable)5% sourcingNone~0.9% (yr 1)
Arrived — SFR Fund1.00% (0.25%/qtr)None disclosedNone~1.00%
Arrived — Private Credit Fund1.20% (0.30%/qtr)None disclosedNone~1.20%
Groundfloor — LROs / Notes0.00% (borrower-paid)0.00%None~0.00%
Groundfloor — Flywheel PortfoliosVaries by batch (disclosed per offering)VariesNoneDisclosed per offering
EquityMultiple — Common Equity0.5-1.5% monitoring feeOrigination (varies)Profit share after IRR hurdle~1.5-2.5% all-in
EquityMultiple — Debt / Preferred~1% servicing (net of returns)None to investorNone~1%
EquityMultiple — Funds$30-70/yr admin + originationOrigination (varies)Varies~1-2%
RealtyMogul — Income REIT1.00% + 0.5% loan servicingUp to 3% on resaleNone~1.00%
RealtyMogul — Apartment Growth REIT1.25%Up to 3% on resaleNone~1.25%
CrowdStreet — Direct deals0% to investors (tech fee per investment)Varies by sponsorSponsor promote (waterfall)~1-3% (sponsor-dependent)
CrowdStreet — Managed FundsFund-level management feePlacementProfit share~1-2%
YieldStreet1.5-2.5% (varies by asset)VariesSometimes~1.5-2.5%
Lofty0% annual (yield-based)2.5% buy / 3% sell (+2.5% per side on market orders)None5.5% patient / ~8% realistic / 10.5% instant
VNQ (benchmark)0.13% expense ratio$0 brokerageNone~0.13%

Now let's break down what each of those numbers actually means — and where the hidden costs live.

Fundrise: 0.85% Management, 1.78% All-In

Fundrise is the most transparent platform on this list. You pay:

  • 0.85% annual management fee — $8.50 per $1,000 invested per year (Flagship and Income funds, per each fund's May 1, 2026 prospectus)
  • Other fund expenses — 0.74% on the Flagship (0.24% general plus 0.50% marketing) and 1.08% on the Income fund, plus 0.19% and 0.18% of interest on borrowed funds
  • Total annual fund operating expenses: 1.78% (Flagship) and 2.13% (Income) — about $17.80 and $21.30 per $1,000 a year

The actual figure ran higher in the first half of 2026: the semi-annual reports filed August 31, 2026 show net expense ratios of 2.04% (Flagship) and 2.54% (Income), annualized and including interest expense. We could not find a separate 0.15% advisory fee in either fund's fee table, so we no longer add it. No upfront load. No sourcing fee. No profit participation. The expenses are deducted inside the fund, which is why Fundrise's published fund returns are already net of them.

What's different:

  • Innovation Fund (VCX) — Fundrise's tech/venture fund charges 1.85% annually (recently raised toward 2.50%). That's venture-capital pricing, which makes sense because it's a venture fund, not real estate. If you came for real estate, skip VCX entirely.
  • Fundrise Pro — Optional add-on at $10/month ($120/year) that lets you customize allocations. For anyone with a five-figure portfolio this isn't worth it. For anyone with six figures who wants control over allocations, it pays for itself.
  • IRA accounts — Fundrise offers a self-directed IRA through Millennium Trust with an additional $125/year custodian fee (waived if you invest $3,000+). Not ideal for small IRAs.

The honest take: Fundrise's fee table is simple, with no load and no profit share, but the all-in cost is 1.78% to 2.13% a year, not 1%. That is high compared to a REIT ETF (0.13%), and you can read exactly what you pay in the prospectus. Compare this to our Fundrise vs Groundfloor review to see how that cost stacks against a 0% competitor.

Arrived Homes: The Sourcing Fee Nobody Talks About

Arrived's yearly fee is low. That's accurate but incomplete, because the one-time fees going in and at sale are where most of your money goes.

Single-family individual rentals (Arrived Homes, LLC; offering circular dated January 30, 2025):

  • 3.5% sourcing fee (one-time, on property purchase price)
  • 1% brokerage fee and up to 2% offering expenses on the money raised
  • 0.6% a year of the purchase price as asset management, paid from the house's rental income (not a percentage of your balance; 1% of capital for series qualified before July 12, 2022)
  • 6-7% disposition fee expected on the sale price when the house is sold
  • Going in: up to 6.5% of the money you invest; over a six-year hold, roughly 2.7% to 2.9% a year all-in (our arithmetic)

Vacation rentals:

  • 5% sourcing fee (one-time) — baked into share price
  • ~0.1% AUM per quarter (~0.4% annualized, variable based on rental income)
  • Plus property-specific operating costs

Single Family Residential (SFR) Fund:

  • 1.00% annual fee (0.25% per quarter) — flat AUM
  • No disclosed sourcing fee (fund structure)

Private Credit Fund:

  • 1.20% annual fee (0.30% per quarter)

The real math: If you invest $1,000 in an individual Arrived rental, the one-time fees going in are about $35 of sourcing plus $10 of brokerage and up to $20 of offering expenses (buried in the price, so you don't see them), then $6 a year of asset management, then 6-7% of the sale price at the end. Over a six-year hold on a house that sells at its purchase price, that is about $65 + $36 + $60-$70 = $161-$171 on $1,000, or roughly 2.7% to 2.9% a year (our arithmetic). Not outrageous, but worse than the low yearly fee suggests.

The SFR Fund at 1% flat is actually closer to Fundrise's 0.85% management fee and is the better choice if you don't want to pick individual homes. For our full analysis, see our Arrived Homes review.

Groundfloor: The Zero-Fee Platform (With a Catch)

Groundfloor genuinely charges investors zero fees on individual Loans and Notes. No management fee. No servicing fee. No carried interest.

This works because Groundfloor is a debt platform, not an equity platform. Their revenue comes from borrowers:

  • $495 application fee to borrowers
  • $1,250 closing costs to borrowers
  • 2.75-4.00% underwriting fee to borrowers (of loan amount)
  • ~0.25% servicing spread embedded in the interest rate (the borrower pays 12%, you receive 11.75%)

That 0.25% spread is the only "hidden" fee on the investor side, and it's already reflected in the advertised yield. Groundfloor shows you the rate you actually earn.

The catch:

  • Flywheel Portfolios (Groundfloor's curated auto-invest product) have batch-level fees disclosed per offering. Read the specific portfolio terms — some are free, others charge 1-2%.
  • Default risk is entirely on you. When a borrower defaults, the recovery process is slow (12-24 months), and you may receive less than face value. The zero-fee structure means Groundfloor doesn't have much skin in underwriting — a common critique you'll find in our Groundfloor review.

The honest take: Groundfloor's 0% structure is real, not a gimmick. It's the right platform if you want short-duration real estate debt with no fee drag. The default risk is the trade-off — it's not free money.

EquityMultiple: The Most Complicated Fee Schedule

EquityMultiple's fee structure is the most complex on this list because it offers three completely different products:

1. Common Equity (Equity Direct)

  • 0.5% to 1.5% annual monitoring and reporting fee on invested capital
  • Profit participation — EquityMultiple takes a cut of profits, but only after investors get their principal back and hit the IRR hurdle
  • Typical all-in cost: 1.5-2.5% annualized if the deal performs well

2. Debt and Preferred Equity

  • ~1% servicing fee — already netted out of the advertised preferred return
  • No direct investor fees
  • You see the rate you actually earn

3. Fund Offerings

  • $30-70/year administrative fee per investor (flat)
  • Origination fee (upfront, disclosed per fund)
  • Fund-specific management fees

The wrinkle on Common Equity: The monitoring fee (0.5-1.5%) is a flat drag regardless of performance. The profit participation is aligned — you both make money, or neither does. That's the "align interests" structure, and it's actually investor-friendly compared to VCs or hedge funds that charge management fees regardless of performance.

The honest take: EquityMultiple's fees are reasonable for the asset class (institutional-quality commercial real estate), but they stack up fast on common equity. For an $80,000 minimum investment in a common equity deal, you could easily pay $1,200-$2,000/year in monitoring plus a profit share at exit. It's worth it if the deal delivers the advertised 15-20% IRR. It's painful if it doesn't. See our EquityMultiple review for the full breakdown.

RealtyMogul: Two REITs, Two Fee Levels

RealtyMogul runs two REITs with different fee structures:

MogulREIT I (Income REIT):

  • 1.00% annual asset management fee (charged monthly at annualized rate)
  • 0.5% loan servicing fee on loans held in the portfolio (already netted in NAV)
  • Up to 3% fee on share redemption before 3 years held
  • Historical distributions: ~6.0% annualized net of fees

MogulREIT II (Apartment Growth REIT):

  • 1.25% annual asset management fee
  • Up to 3% redemption fee before 3 years held
  • Historical distributions: ~4.5% annualized net of fees

Private Placements (Accredited only):

  • Deal-specific fees, typically 1-2% annual plus sponsor promote
  • Disclosed per offering

The catch: The 3% redemption fee on REIT shares held less than 3 years is steep. If you invest $10,000 and withdraw in year 1, you pay $300 just to exit — on top of the 1-1.25% annual fee you already paid.

The honest take: RealtyMogul's REITs are comparable to Fundrise (1.00% vs a 0.85% management fee and 1.78% total fund expenses on the Flagship; 1.25% vs Fundrise Innovation at 1.85%). The trade-off is a slightly longer lock-up and narrower sector focus (commercial-heavy vs Fundrise's broader mix). Important 2026 update: the Income REIT's annualized distribution was cut from 6% to 3% and then to approximately 1.5% of NAV, NAV has fallen from $11 to $6.85 (March 31, 2026), and Apartment Growth REIT is currently paused to new investors — see our full RealtyMogul review for the current picture.

CrowdStreet: "No Investor Fees" That Aren't Really Free

CrowdStreet's pitch is seductive: "We don't charge investors." Technically true. Practically misleading.

Direct Deals (Marketplace):

  • $0 direct investor fees from CrowdStreet
  • Per-investment technology fee (small, disclosed per deal)
  • Sponsor fees baked into deals:
    • 1-2% acquisition fee (sponsor)
    • 0.5-1.5% annual asset management fee (sponsor)
    • 1-2% disposition fee (sponsor, at sale)
    • Sponsor promote / waterfall — typically 20-30% of profits above a preferred return
  • CrowdStreet fees to sponsors that may be passed through

CrowdStreet Advisors Managed Funds:

  • Fund-level management fee (typically 1-2%)
  • Placement fees
  • Profit participation

Reality check: If you invested $25,000 in a single-sponsor deal of the kind CrowdStreet listed before its 2025 relaunch (it now lists funds from outside managers, with a sales load of typically 1.5-3.5% per its Form CRS), the sponsor is typically extracting 2-3% annually in various fees, plus 20%+ of profits at exit. CrowdStreet doesn't charge you — the sponsor does, and you're buying into the sponsor's deal terms.

The honest take: "Zero investor fees" is accurate at the CrowdStreet level and actively misleading at the deal level. Always read the sponsor's fee schedule in the offering documents. Expect 1-3% all-in annually, plus a profit share at exit. This is standard institutional real estate — just be aware what you're paying.

Also worth noting: a putative class action filed March 14, 2025 (W.D. Tex. No. 1:25-cv-00383) seeks rescission of more than $1 billion of CrowdStreet investments, alleging CrowdStreet acted as an unregistered broker-dealer; it has been stayed since August 11, 2025 while claims go to individual arbitration, and no class has been certified (details in our CrowdStreet review). We cover this in the real risks of real estate crowdfunding. Fee structure isn't your biggest concern with CrowdStreet right now.

YieldStreet (Now Willow Wealth): Fees Vary by Offering

YieldStreet, which a January 28, 2026 SEC filing says changed its name to Willow Wealth Inc., offers real estate alongside art, private credit, venture and more. It does not publish one fee schedule: each offering sets its own management fee and expenses in its offering documents, and fund products add a fund-level fee on top of the underlying deals' costs. We have not verified a single fee range across its offerings, so read the fee section of the specific offering before comparing it with the platforms above. (Its private "structured notes" are its own offerings, not the bank-issued structured notes covered in our structured notes analysis.)

The record matters more than the fee: a September 12, 2023 SEC order required YieldStreet to pay $1,939,220.41 over a ship-scrapping note offering, a marine-note class action settled for $6.2 million in cash, and CNBC's 2025 reporting tallied at least $208 million of investor losses. Sources and dates are in our Yieldstreet review.

Lofty and Fractional Tokenized Platforms

Lofty charges 2.5% to buy and 3% to sell on limit orders, and market orders carry another 2.5% per side for instant execution against its market-maker pools. A round trip is therefore 5.5% if you are patient at both ends, about 8% for the realistic patient-in/instant-out case, and 10.5% instant both ways, before deposit and off-ramp costs. Both figures are stated on Lofty's own how-it-works page and were confirmed to us directly by Lofty's COO on August 19, 2026 (verified August 20, 2026). The 5% listing fee is built into the initial offering price and paid by the property seller at launch. There is no annual platform management fee — property-management costs are deducted from gross rent before daily distribution.

That makes Lofty by far the most expensive platform on this page to enter and exit, and one of the cheapest to hold (no annual fee at all), which is an unusual shape worth being explicit about. Against Lofty's own stated 9.2% average rental yield, a realistic round trip costs roughly ten months of rent. See our full Lofty review for the complete fee stack.

For a 5-year hold at current rates: ~0.5% round-trip plus variable fiat off-ramp friction (token → USDC → ALGO → exchange → USD, each hop has small cost). That's dramatically cheaper than the old 6% round-trip that most competitor reviews still cite.

HoneyBricks — the other major tokenized CRE competitor — was acquired by EquityMultiple in April 2024 and is no longer live for new investors. See our HoneyBricks review for the acquisition story.

VNQ (Public REIT ETF): The Benchmark Everyone Should Know

VNQ expense ratio: 0.13% annually. That is the total annual fund operating expenses line for the ETF Shares in Vanguard's May 28, 2026 summary prospectus filed with the SEC: 0.11% management fee, 0.01% other expenses and 0.01% acquired fund fees and expenses. Schwab's SCHH lists 0.07% in its June 26, 2026 summary prospectus.

For context: if you invest $10,000 in VNQ for 10 years, you pay roughly $130 in total fees. If you invest $10,000 in the Fundrise Flagship fund for 10 years, you pay roughly $1,780 at the 1.78% prospectus figure (simple sum, no compounding; our arithmetic). If you invest in a CrowdStreet deal with 2% all-in fees, you pay roughly $2,000.

This is the fee you're paying extra for private market access, lower volatility, and no correlation to public stocks. Whether it's worth it depends entirely on what you need. We cover this trade-off in detail in our Fundrise vs REITs comparison.

How Fees Actually Compound Over Time

A 1% annual fee sounds trivial. Over 30 years, it's anything but.

ScenarioStarting AmountGross ReturnFeeEnding ValueFee Cost
VNQ ETF$10,0008% annualized0.13%$97,056$3,571
Fundrise Flagship (1.78% prospectus total)$10,0008% annualized1.78%$61,121$39,506
Arrived Individual (about 2.8% a year over a six-year hold)$10,0008% annualized2.8% avg$45,759$54,868
EquityMultiple Common Equity$10,00010% annualized2.0%$100,627$73,867
RealtyMogul Apartment Growth$10,0008% annualized1.25%$70,964$29,663
CrowdStreet single-sponsor deal (pre-2025)$25,00012% annualized2.5%$380,508$368,490

Our arithmetic: Ending Value = starting amount x (1 + gross return - fee) to the 30th power, so a 0.13% fee on an 8% return compounds at 7.87% a year ($10,000 grows to $97,056). Fee Cost = the ending value with no fee ($100,627 for $10,000 at 8%) minus the ending value with the fee ($3,571 for VNQ), which is the growth the fee takes away, not the sum of the yearly fees. The 0.13% VNQ figure is the ETF Shares total annual fund operating expenses in Vanguard's May 28, 2026 summary prospectus. Real returns and fees vary.

The Arrived row applies its six-year average (about 2.8% a year, our arithmetic from the circular's sourcing, brokerage, offering, asset management and disposition fees) to all 30 years, although each Arrived house is sold after five to seven years; it shows the drag if the money were rolled into new houses each time.

What this table shows:

  1. Fees don't just reduce returns — they compound against you. A 1% fee over 30 years costs you roughly $24,500 on a $10,000 investment earning 8% (our arithmetic: $10,000 grows to $100,627 at 8% and to $76,123 at 7%).

  2. High-fee deals need high gross returns to beat low-fee alternatives. A 2% fee on a 10% return (EquityMultiple common equity) nets you 8% — the same as VNQ's gross. You're paying 15x the fees for zero net advantage if the high-fee deal underperforms its target.

  3. Short holds change the math. If you hold Groundfloor notes for 12 months, fees are literally 0%. If you hold the Fundrise Flagship fund for 5 years, you pay about 8.9% cumulative at the 1.78% prospectus total (our arithmetic). For short-duration investing, Groundfloor wins on fees alone.

What You Should Actually Care About

Not all fees matter equally. Here's the hierarchy:

Fees that matter a lot:

  • Annual management fees — compound over time, hardest to avoid
  • Profit participation / carried interest — can eat 20-30% of your upside at exit
  • Sourcing / load fees — front-loaded drag on returns, worst in year 1

Fees that matter less than you'd think:

  • Transaction/redemption fees if you hold long-term
  • Administrative fees (flat $30-70/year) — negligible on anything $10,000+
  • Tax form fees — usually $5-25 for K-1 generation

Fees that don't matter at all:

  • Application fees you can avoid (Fundrise and most platforms have $0)
  • "Technology fees" that are under $50 per investment

The Fee-to-Return Ratio: The Only Number That Matters

Forget absolute fee percentages. The real question is: What fraction of expected returns does this fee consume?

  • VNQ: 0.13% fee / 8% gross return = 1.6% of returns consumed
  • Fundrise Flagship: 1.78% total fund expenses / 8% gross return = 22.3% of returns consumed (our arithmetic)
  • EquityMultiple common equity: 2% fee / 12% target IRR = 16.7% of returns consumed
  • Arrived individual rentals (six-year hold): about 2.7-2.9% a year / 8% = 34% to 36% of returns consumed (our arithmetic; the 0.6% yearly fee alone is 7.5%)
  • Lofty (5-year hold): 1.2% annualized / 7% estimated = 17% of returns consumed

The fee isn't "1%." The fee is 12.5% of your returns. That's the number to track.

Common Mistakes Investors Make With Fees

Mistake 1: Looking at the management fee in isolation. A 1% management fee on a platform with a 3.5% sourcing fee is effectively ~2.5% annualized in year 1. Always look at total first-year drag.

Mistake 2: Ignoring the profit share at exit. A "1% annual fee" deal with a 30% profit share after a 7% hurdle could easily consume 25-40% of your total returns over a 5-year hold. Run the actual scenario, not just the headline fee.

Mistake 3: Optimizing fees without considering after-tax returns. A low-fee REIT ETF in a taxable brokerage may be worse after tax than a 1% fee platform inside a Roth IRA. For our full breakdown on this, see real estate crowdfunding taxes.

Mistake 4: Assuming zero-fee platforms are free. Groundfloor is genuinely 0% — but the default risk is real. CrowdStreet claims zero investor fees but sponsor fees run 1-3%. "Free" usually isn't.

Mistake 5: Comparing fees to zero instead of comparing to the next-best alternative. The right question isn't "is a 1.78% fee too much?" It's "is a 1.78% fee too much compared to what I'd earn in VNQ at 0.13% fee?" If Fundrise delivers 2%+ more in net annual returns than VNQ over your time horizon, the extra fee is paying for itself. If it doesn't, it isn't.

The Bottom Line

Real estate crowdfunding fees are not uniformly "high" or "low." They're structured to match the product:

  • Debt platforms (Groundfloor) — 0% investor fees because borrowers pay
  • Passive equity REITs (Fundrise, RealtyMogul) — RealtyMogul 1-1.25% annual; Fundrise 0.85% management and 1.78% total fund expenses on the Flagship
  • Single-asset deals (Arrived) — low annual fee (0.6%) but 3.5-5% sourcing plus brokerage and offering expenses going in, and a 6-7% disposition fee at sale on single-family homes
  • Institutional equity (EquityMultiple, CrowdStreet) — 1-2% annual plus profit share, high by retail standards but normal for institutional real estate
  • Multi-asset alt platforms (YieldStreet) — 1.5-2.5%, on the high end

The question isn't which platform has the lowest fees. It's which fee structure matches what you're buying. For non-accredited investors starting small, Fundrise's 0.85% management fee (1.78% total fund expenses) is fair for what you get. For investors with just $500, Groundfloor's 0% is unbeatable for debt notes. For sophisticated accredited investors targeting commercial real estate, EquityMultiple's 1.5-2.5% is in line with industry norms.

Pay attention to the fee-to-return ratio, not the absolute percentage. And always read the actual offering documents — the sponsor promote structure on an individual deal can matter more than the platform's headline fee.

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