CrowdfundedWealth
Articles · Research note

How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost? 21 Firms' Fees, 2026

By Jorge··24 min read
Affiliate Disclosure: Some links are affiliate links. We may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. This does not affect our ratings. Learn more.

Quick Answer

A financial advisor costs between nothing and about 2% of your assets a year, and for a hybrid or human advisor the posted schedules mostly sit between 0.35% and 1.75%. We read the Form ADV Part 2A brochures that 21 large US advisory firms and platforms filed with the SEC (brochure dates February 11 to October 2, 2026) and did the arithmetic on the schedule each one prints. On $1,000,000, the posted annual fee runs from $3,500 at Vanguard Personal Advisor (0.35% gross) to $13,875 at Edelman Financial Engines (our arithmetic, tiers added up as the brochure says), a spread of about four times for programs that all call themselves advice. Robo platforms are cheaper still: $2,500 a year on $1 million at Wealthfront or Betterment, and nothing at all in Schwab Intelligent Portfolios, which earns its money elsewhere. Wirehouse and broker-dealer programs publish only a ceiling, typically 2.00% to 2.50%, and the real rate is negotiated: on $1 million, Wells Fargo Advisors shows a standard 2.00% ($20,000). Over 30 years on $1,000,000 growing at an assumed 6%, a 1.00% fee costs $1,495,029 against $415,505 for 0.25% (our arithmetic, assumption labelled). This is analysis of public records as of October 9, 2026, not investment advice, and it recommends no firm.

Key Takeaways

  • Fee schedules are in the brochure, not on the sales page. Every registered adviser must file a Form ADV Part 2A; Item 5 is Fees and Compensation. We read 27 programs at 21 firms, saved each, and quote the tier lines verbatim.
  • On $1,000,000 the posted fee for a hybrid or human program runs from $3,500 (Vanguard Personal Advisor, 0.35% gross) through $5,000 (J.P. Morgan Personal Advisors, 0.50%) and $8,000 (Schwab Wealth Advisory) to $12,500 (Mariner, Fisher Investments) and $13,875 (Edelman Financial Engines). On $5,000,000 the range is $17,500 to $57,500 (our arithmetic).
  • Small balances can cost more in percent, not less. Mariner's quarterly minimum of $1,875 makes a $250,000 account cost $7,500 a year, or 3.00% (our arithmetic); Fisher Investments bills 1.50% on relationships under $900,000.
  • Tiers are not all built the same way. Schwab, Creative Planning, Edelman, Mariner, Ally and Fidelity price each slice of your balance at its own rate; J.P. Morgan, Fidelity Go and Raymond James apply one rate to the whole account, so crossing a breakpoint changes the bill for every dollar.
  • Wirehouse and broker-dealer programs print a maximum, not a price: Wells Fargo Advisors 2.00% standard, Morgan Stanley 2.00% plus a 0.035% platform fee, Ameriprise 2.0%, Merrill 1.75%, Edward Jones 1.35% plus 0.05%, Raymond James 2.25% at the lowest asset level, LPL 2.5%. The brochure says these are negotiable.
  • Fees compound against you. On $500,000 at an assumed 6% a year, a 1.00% fee costs $291,999 over 20 years and $747,514 over 30, against $78,302 and $207,753 at 0.25% (our arithmetic). The SEC's own investor bulletin makes the same point: you lose the return you would have earned on the fee.
  • A flat fee changes the arithmetic. Facet's brochure says planning with investing included runs from $2,600 to $10,000 a year with no fee on assets; Schwab's planning brochure lists $300 and $2,000 one-time fees. At $1,000,000 that is 0.26% to 1.00% (our arithmetic).

Calculator: your fee in dollars, today and over time

Type your own percentage, or pick a schedule exactly as a firm printed it. The starting values (an example $500,000, a 1.00% fee, 6% growth, 20 years) are examples, not forecasts and not anyone's quote.

CALCULATOR

What an advisory fee costs in dollars

Type your own fee, or pick a schedule exactly as printed in a firm's Form ADV brochure. The starting values are an example, not a forecast.

Fee on today's balance

$5,000

1.00% of assets

Fees paid over 20 years

$174,142

added up year by year

Ending value with the fee

$1,311,569

without the fee: $1,603,568

Gap vs no fee

$291,999

fees plus the growth they would have earned

Method (our arithmetic): each year the balance grows by the growth rate, then the fee is taken from the new balance; tiered schedules are re-applied to that balance every year. No deposits, withdrawals, taxes, fund expenses or negotiated discounts. Fees on a real account depend on your agreement; a brochure schedule is the starting point, and many programs are negotiable. This is analysis of public records, not investment advice.

CSV · 233 rows

Advisor fee schedules from 27 Form ADV Part 2A programs, with dollars at four asset levels and a fee-drag grid

One row per fact: tier line as written, brochure date, IAPD version number, our arithmetic at $250,000 / $500,000 / $1 million / $5 million, and the 20 and 30 year fee-drag grid.

What we read, and what "cost" means here

The number every article on this topic repeats, "about 1% a year," comes from surveys of advisers. That is a fine summary of the market, and our companion piece on what an advisor costs a real estate investor uses the Kitces survey medians for it. This page does something different: it reads the fee schedule each firm actually filed.

Every investment adviser registered with the SEC files a Form ADV. Part 2A is the plain-language brochure given to clients, and Item 5 is "Fees and Compensation." The SEC publishes the current brochures on its Investment Adviser Public Disclosure site, adviserinfo.sec.gov, and we pulled the brochure for each program below on October 9, 2026, saved the text, and copied the tier lines word for word. The brochure date in the tables is the date the firm submitted it to the SEC, as listed by the IAPD.

Three rules for the dollars. First, we apply the schedule exactly as the brochure describes it, marginal or whole-account, and say which. Second, we show the gross fee in the brochure. Some programs, Vanguard and Fidelity among them, credit back revenue the firm earns on the funds you hold, so the net fee can be lower. Third, a published schedule is not always what you pay: many are negotiable, and the fee for a fund, ETF or sub-adviser sits on top.

The schedules as filed

Twenty programs publish an actual rate. They are grouped here by the model they follow: robo platforms, hybrid programs where software does the portfolio and a person is on the phone, the bank and wirehouse hybrids, national independent firms, and flat-fee planners. A price is not a verdict. A $3,500 fee and a $13,875 fee on the same $1,000,000 buy different services, and a brochure will not tell you which suits you.

Firm: programSchedule as written in the brochureMarginal or whole account (what the brochure says)Stated minimumBrochure date (IAPD)
Vanguard: Personal Advisor (hybrid)“Personal Advisor's annual gross advisory fee for Vanguard Brokerage Accounts is 0.35% for its all-index investment options”Flat rate on whole account; gross, before a credit of about 0.04% (net about 0.31%)$50,000Sep 24, 2026
Vanguard: Digital Advisor (robo)“Digital Advisor's annual gross advisory fee for each Vanguard Brokerage Accounts is 0.20%”Flat rate on whole account; gross, before a credit of about 0.04%not stated in the fee sectionSep 24, 2026
Charles Schwab: Intelligent Portfolios (robo)“Clients are not charged an annual SIP Program fee for these services.”No advisory fee; Schwab earns from fund expenses and the cash allocationnot stated in the fee sectionJun 29, 2026
Fidelity (Strategic Advisers): Fidelity Go (robo/hybrid)“Account balances of $25,000 and above 0.35% annually”Whole account (brochure); gross, may be reduced by a creditno fee under $25,000Mar 30, 2026
Wealthfront: Automated Investing (robo)“an annual fee of 0.25% on the net market value of a Client's Account”Flat rate on whole accountnot stated in the fee sectionJul 23, 2026
Betterment: Digital (robo)“an annualized Digital wrap fee of 0.25%” / “a 0.10% discount on the portions of their balances above $1 million and up to $2 million” / “a 0.15% discount on the portions of their balances above $2 million”0.25% on whole balance, less the stated discounts on the slices above $1M (0.10%) and $2M (0.15%) (our reading of the wording)$5 a month under $24,000Jul 31, 2026
SoFi: SoFi Wealth (robo)“at the rate of 0.25% based on the value of each account enrolled in the program”Flat rate on each accountnot stated in the fee sectionMar 27, 2026
Ally: Ally Invest Personal Advice (hybrid)“1 First $250,000 0.85%” / “Next $750,000, up to $1,000,000 0.80%” / “Additional assets above $1,000,000 0.75%”Marginal tiers (brochure adds the tier fees together)$100,000Apr 1, 2026
Merrill: Guided Investing with Advisor (hybrid)“The program fee for MGI with Advisor and the MEAA programs is 0.85%”Flat program feenot stated in the fee sectionSep 18, 2026
J.P. Morgan: Personal Advisors (hybrid)“Annual Fee 1 0F 0.60% 0.50%” / “The same fee is applied to the entire Account”Whole account: 0.60% below $250,000, 0.50% from $250,000$25,000Jun 11, 2026
Empower: Personal Strategy / Advisory Services (hybrid)“Wealth Management Clients ($250,000 - $999,999 total AUM) 0.89%” / “$3MM or less AUM 0.79%” / “On only the next $2MM AUM 0.69%”0.89% on total AUM under $1M; marginal tiers from $1M (0.79% on the first $3M, 0.69% on the next $2M)$100,000May 15, 2026
Fidelity (Strategic Advisers): Wealth Services: Fidelity Advisory Services“All Average Daily Assets 1.10%”Flat rate on all assets; gross, less a credit$50,000 per accountMar 30, 2026
Fidelity (Strategic Advisers): Wealth Services: Wealth Management“1.50% (up to a maximum of $6,250)”Up to $500,000: 1.50% capped at $6,250; above: marginal tiers 1.25 / 1.10 / 0.90 / 0.70 / 0.50%; gross, less a credit$50,000 per accountMar 30, 2026
Charles Schwab: Wealth Advisory (hybrid)“Amounts up to US$1 million 0.80%” / “Next US$1 million (more than US$1M up to US$2M) 0.75%” / “Next US$3 million (more than US$2M up to US$5M) 0.70%”Blended (marginal) tiers; standard schedule effective October 1, 2024$500,000 (may be reduced or waived)Jun 29, 2026
Edelman Financial Engines: Wealth planning (wrap)“1.75% on the first $400,000” / “1.25% on the next $350,000” / “1.00% on the next $250,000” / “0.75% on the next $2,000,000” / “0.60% on the next $7,000,000”Marginal tiers ("on the next"): 1.75% to $400k, 1.25% to $750k, 1.00% to $1M, 0.75% to $3M, 0.60% to $10Mnot stated in the fee sectionMar 31, 2026
Creative Planning: Portfolio management“1.20% on the first $500,000, then” / “1.00% on assets of $500,001” / “.85% on assets of $2,000,001”Marginal tiers ("then")$200,000 generallyMar 31, 2026
Mariner: Standard fee schedule“$0 - $1,000,000 1.25%” / “$1,000,000 - $5,000,000 1.00%” / “*Quarterly minimum fee of $1,875”Blended (marginal) tiers; quarterly minimum $1,875 ($7,500 a year) applied herenot stated in the fee sectionJul 17, 2026
Fisher Investments: Private Client, equity/blended“First $1 million 1.25%” / “Next $4 million 1.125%” / “smaller client relationships at FI's discretion which will be billed at an annual rate of 1.50%”Marginal tiers from $1M; 1.50% on relationships under $900,000targets $1,000,000Feb 11, 2026
Facet: Flat-fee planning, investing included“Facet's financial planning generally ranges from $2,600 - $10,000”Flat annual subscription, no fee on assetsnot stated in the fee sectionOct 2, 2026
Charles Schwab: Financial Planning Services“Standard fees are $300 for a one-time Schwab Plan Comprehensive, and” / “$2,000 for the Personal Financial Plan.”One-time flat fee, no fee on assetsnot stated in the fee sectionJun 29, 2026

The same schedules in dollars

This is our arithmetic on the lines above, at four balances. "n/a" at $250,000 for Schwab Wealth Advisory means the brochure sets a $500,000 minimum, which it says it may waive. Mariner's $250,000 and $500,000 figures are its $1,875 quarterly minimum, $7,500 a year.

Firm: programAt $250,000At $500,000At $1,000,000At $5,000,000
Vanguard: Personal Advisor (hybrid)$875$1,750$3,500$17,500
Vanguard: Digital Advisor (robo)$500$1,000$2,000$10,000
Charles Schwab: Intelligent Portfolios (robo)$0$0$0$0
Fidelity (Strategic Advisers): Fidelity Go (robo/hybrid)$875$1,750$3,500$17,500
Wealthfront: Automated Investing (robo)$625$1,250$2,500$12,500
Betterment: Digital (robo)$625$1,250$2,500$7,000
SoFi: SoFi Wealth (robo)$625$1,250$2,500$12,500
Ally: Ally Invest Personal Advice (hybrid)$2,125$4,125$8,125$38,125
Merrill: Guided Investing with Advisor (hybrid)$2,125$4,250$8,500$42,500
J.P. Morgan: Personal Advisors (hybrid)$1,250$2,500$5,000$25,000
Empower: Personal Strategy / Advisory Services (hybrid)$2,225$4,450$7,900$37,500
Fidelity (Strategic Advisers): Wealth Services: Fidelity Advisory Services$2,750$5,500$11,000$55,000
Fidelity (Strategic Advisers): Wealth Services: Wealth Management$3,750$6,250$11,750$41,750
Charles Schwab: Wealth Advisory (hybrid)n/a$4,000$8,000$36,500
Edelman Financial Engines: Wealth planning (wrap)$4,375$8,250$13,875$40,875
Creative Planning: Portfolio management$3,000$6,000$11,000$46,500
Mariner: Standard fee schedule$7,500$7,500$12,500$52,500
Fisher Investments: Private Client, equity/blended$3,750$7,500$12,500$57,500
Facet: Flat-fee planning, investing included$2,600 to $10,000$2,600 to $10,000$2,600 to $10,000$2,600 to $10,000
Charles Schwab: Financial Planning Services$300 or $2,000, once$300 or $2,000, once$300 or $2,000, once$300 or $2,000, once

Read across a row and the shape of each price shows. Vanguard, Fidelity Go, Wealthfront, Betterment and SoFi charge a flat percentage, so the dollar fee rises in a straight line. Creative Planning, Edelman and Fisher start above 1% and step down; Edelman's effective rate on $1,000,000 is 1.39% and on $5,000,000 is 0.82% (our arithmetic). J.P. Morgan and Fidelity Go use a whole-account rate, which is simple but means a breakpoint changes the rate on every dollar. At the other extreme, Schwab Intelligent Portfolios shows $0 because it charges no advisory fee, and in its own brochure Schwab says the program is "not free of charge": the cash allocation, which the brochure says will generally range from 6% to 30% of the portfolio, and fund expenses are where the firm earns.

Firms that print a maximum, not a price

Bank, wirehouse and broker-dealer advisory programs mostly publish a ceiling and leave the rate to you and your adviser. The dollar figures below are what the cap would cost, so treat them as an upper bound, not a quote. Merrill is worth separating: its hybrid program with an advisor shows a flat 0.85% in the table above, while its main advisory program shows a 1.75% maximum.

Firm: programWhat the brochure caps or setsRateBasisBrochure date (IAPD)
Raymond James (Financial Services Advisors): Ambassador wrap program“Ambassador Wrap Fee Program 2.25%1 2.00% 1.75% 1.50% 1.25%”2.25% up to $1M, 2.00% to $2M, 1.75% to $5M, 1.50% to $10M, 1.25% aboveMaximum; whole account (retroactive to the first dollar)Sep 21, 2026
Wells Fargo Advisors: Asset Advisor program“The current standard Program Fee for the Asset Advisor Program, which is negotiable, is shown below.”2.00% standardStandard fee, negotiableMar 31, 2026
Morgan Stanley: Consulting Group Advisor program“Maximum Fee. The maximum annual MSWM Fee for CGA” / “The Platform Fee is a 0.035% annual asset-based fee.”2.00% maximum + 0.035% platform feeMaximum plus 0.035% platform feeMar 30, 2026
Ameriprise: Managed Accounts“a negotiable Advisory Fee of up to a maximum annual rate of 2.0%”2.0% maximum advisory feeMaximum advisory fee, before platform and manager feesSep 25, 2026
Merrill: Investment Advisory Program“We have set the maximum Merrill Lynch Fee Rate for the Program at 1.75%.”1.75% maximumMaximum, negotiableSep 18, 2026
Edward Jones: Investment Advisory Program“assessed up to a maximum annual fee rate of 1.35%, payable” / “annual fee rate of 0.05%, payable monthly in arrears.”1.35% maximum + 0.05% platform feeMaximum program fee plus up to 0.05% platform feeMar 26, 2026
LPL Financial: SAM program“SAM 2.5% N/A N/A 2.5%”2.5% maximum (GWP: 1.35% maximum)Maximum total account feeJul 1, 2026
Firm: programCeiling at $250,000Ceiling at $500,000Ceiling at $1,000,000Ceiling at $5,000,000
Raymond James (Financial Services Advisors): Ambassador wrap program$5,625$11,250$22,500$87,500
Wells Fargo Advisors: Asset Advisor program$5,000$10,000$20,000$100,000
Morgan Stanley: Consulting Group Advisor program$5,088$10,175$20,350$101,750
Ameriprise: Managed Accounts$5,000$10,000$20,000$100,000
Merrill: Investment Advisory Program$4,375$8,750$17,500$87,500
Edward Jones: Investment Advisory Program$3,500$7,000$14,000$70,000
LPL Financial: SAM program$6,250$12,500$25,000$125,000

Raymond James's brochure explains the mechanics that matter if you are near a breakpoint: it says it calculates maximum fees "on a retroactive basis instead of on an incremental basis," so reaching a higher asset tier lowers the rate back to the first dollar. Ameriprise's 2.0% is the negotiable advisory fee only; its brochure adds a platform fee of 0.02% to 0.05% for some programs and a manager fee of generally 0.10% to 0.80% for separately managed accounts. Edward Jones and Morgan Stanley add a platform fee on top of the program fee, which the table includes.

Firms that do not publish a schedule

Northwestern Mutual Investment Services' Part 2A says advisory fees "are negotiated on a case-by-case basis," so there is no schedule to calculate from. Two networks of independent planners that are often cited for hourly or flat work, Garrett Planning Network and XY Planning Network, show no prices on their home pages, which is consistent with each member setting their own; Garrett's page says that few advisers "offer hourly or project-based services without minimums," and XYPN describes its directory as fee-only fiduciary advice. Both are the firms' own claims, read October 9, 2026, and neither is an SEC filing. For the survey medians on hourly rates and retainers, see our real estate investor cost guide.

Flat fee and hourly: the number is not a percentage

Two filed examples show how a flat fee compares. Facet's Part 2A, dated October 2, 2026, says its financial planning "generally ranges from $2,600 - $10,000" a year on a subscription basis and that it does not charge a fee for investment management as an included service. Schwab's Financial Planning Services brochure lists standard fees of $300 for a one-time Schwab Plan Comprehensive and $2,000 for the Personal Financial Plan. On $1,000,000 that is between 0.26% and 1.00% of assets for Facet (our arithmetic), and it is the same dollar amount at $250,000, which is the main reason flat fees look better as balances rise and worse as they shrink.

What a fee costs over 20 and 30 years

A fee is charged every year on a balance that has grown, so the cost is not 20 or 30 times the first year. The SEC's investor bulletin "How Fees and Expenses Affect Your Investment Portfolio" says it plainly: because an ongoing fee reduces your balance, "you also lose any return you would have earned on that fee." The bulletin illustrates this with $100,000 at a 4% annual return over 20 years at ongoing fees of 0.25%, 0.50% and 1%. We did not find an SEC calculator for advisory fees; the bulletin points to FINRA's Fund Analyzer, which compares fund costs, not adviser fees. So we built one above.

The grid below uses an assumed 6% annual growth before fees, a fee taken each year after growth, no deposits, withdrawals or taxes, and no fund expenses (our arithmetic, assumption labelled, not a forecast). "Gap" is the ending value without the fee minus the ending value with it; it is bigger than the fees paid because it includes the growth those dollars would have earned.

Starting balanceYearsAnnual feeEnding value, no feeEnding value, with feeGapFees paid
$500,000200.25%$1,603,568$1,525,265$78,302$47,375
$500,000201.00%$1,603,568$1,311,569$291,999$174,142
$500,000201.50%$1,603,568$1,185,255$418,312$247,065
$500,000300.25%$2,871,746$2,663,993$207,753$99,993
$500,000301.00%$2,871,746$2,124,231$747,514$348,519
$500,000301.50%$2,871,746$1,824,874$1,046,872$477,676
$1,000,000200.25%$3,207,135$3,050,531$156,605$94,750
$1,000,000201.00%$3,207,135$2,623,138$583,997$348,285
$1,000,000201.50%$3,207,135$2,370,511$836,625$494,130
$1,000,000300.25%$5,743,491$5,327,986$415,505$199,985
$1,000,000301.00%$5,743,491$4,248,463$1,495,029$697,039
$1,000,000301.50%$5,743,491$3,649,748$2,093,743$955,351

At the lower 4% growth rate the SEC bulletin uses, the same 1.00% fee on $1,000,000 for 30 years costs $844,255 against $234,639 at 0.25% (our arithmetic). Change the growth or the fee in the calculator and the shape stays the same: the gap widens faster than the years do.

So is a financial advisor worth it?

The filings answer the cost half of that question and not the value half. What the brochures show is that "an advisor" is at least four different products with different prices: software with a phone line at 0.25% to 0.35%, a hybrid human program at 0.50% to 0.85%, a full-service independent planner at 1.20% to 1.75% on the first dollars, and a flat-fee planner that bills for time. Whether the extra cost buys something you will use is a question about you: how complex your taxes, estate and debts are, and whether you would otherwise make the mistakes an adviser prevents. We cover how to tell the fee models apart in our guide to the fee-only financial advisor, and what the fiduciary standard does and does not require in our guide to the fiduciary financial advisor.

One caution cuts both ways. A low posted fee does not make a program a good fit, and a high one does not make it a bad one. A fee-only fiduciary adviser is required by law to put your interest first and disclose conflicts, but that does not guarantee better returns or a lower price, and it does not guarantee competence. Check any adviser you are considering in the SEC's IAPD yourself and read Items 5 and 11 of their Part 2A.

What you can do with this

  1. Ask for the Part 2A brochure before the meeting and read Item 5. Search the firm name at adviserinfo.sec.gov; the brochure and its date are listed there.
  2. Turn the percentage into dollars at your balance. Use the calculator above with the schedule that applies to you, and ask whether it is marginal or whole-account.
  3. Ask what is negotiable and what is on top. The fund expenses, platform fee, manager fee and any minimum are separate lines in most brochures.
  4. Ask what you get for the extra dollars. If the spread between a 0.35% and a 1.25% program is about $9,000 a year on $1,000,000 (our arithmetic), ask which planning, tax and estate work that buys.
  5. Compare a flat-fee quote if your question is a one-time decision, such as a 1031 exchange or a retirement plan, rather than ongoing management.

Update alert · free

An email when the Financial advisor fees numbers change

When a rate, rule or filing behind this page changes: what changed, the one number that matters, and the source to check it yourself.

Frequently Asked Questions

Methodology and sources

Tier lines and minimums are quoted from each firm's Form ADV Part 2A brochure or wrap fee program brochure on the SEC's Investment Adviser Public Disclosure site (adviserinfo.sec.gov), retrieved October 9, 2026: Vanguard Advisers (CRD 106715), Charles Schwab and Schwab Wealth Advisory (5393), Strategic Advisers for Fidelity Go and Wealth Services (104555), Wealthfront Advisers (148456), Betterment (149117), SoFi Wealth (167958), Ally Invest Advisors (170301), Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner and Smith (7691), J.P. Morgan Securities (79), Empower Advisory Group (112058), Edelman Financial Engines (104510), Creative Planning (105348), Mariner (140195), Fisher Investments (107342), Facet (285961), Raymond James Financial Services Advisors (149018), Wells Fargo Clearing Services (19616), Morgan Stanley Smith Barney (149777), Ameriprise Financial Services (6363), Edward Jones (250), LPL Financial (6413) and Northwestern Mutual Investment Services (2881). Brochure dates are the IAPD submission dates. We chose well-known firms across models, not a random sample, so the ranges describe these firms and not the whole market, and programs with minimums above your balance may not be open to you. Dollar figures are our arithmetic on the gross schedules; credits, negotiated discounts, fund expenses and sub-adviser fees are not included. The fee-drag grid is our arithmetic on an assumed 6% annual growth before fees. The investor bulletin is the SEC Office of Investor Education and Advocacy's "How Fees and Expenses Affect Your Investment Portfolio." Garrett Planning Network and XY Planning Network are quoted from their own websites as the firms' claims. This is analysis of public records, not investment, legal, lending or tax advice, and it recommends no firm. Corrections: if a brochure has changed since October 9, 2026, the IAPD version is the one that governs.

Last updated: October 9, 2026.

The weekly read

One platform, dissected, every Tuesday.