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What Happened to SeedInvest? $24M Sale, 315 Reg CF Offerings

By Jorge··27 min read

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When a rate, rule or filing behind this page changes: what changed, the one number that matters, and the source to check it yourself.

Quick Answer

SeedInvest no longer exists as a platform: StartEngine bought its website, customer lists and other assets on May 5, 2023 for 960,000 of its own shares, valued at $24 million in the deal papers, and says it has “migrated all active SeedInvest investments into the StartEngine system.” What it did not buy is the part that carried the legal weight: StartEngine's 10-K says the agreement “specifically does not include the registered broker-dealer or the Alternative Trading System” of SeedInvest. That firm, SI Securities, LLC (CRD 170937), stayed with a Circle affiliate and is still approved on FINRA BrokerCheck as of November 12, 2026, with 53 state and territory registrations and one disclosure: a FINRA order of July 2, 2024 that censured it and fined it $185,000. The SEC's crowdfunding data shows 315 Regulation Crowdfunding offerings naming SI Securities between October 4, 2016 and December 19, 2022, from 301 issuers. 126 reported raising at least their target, $50.0 million in total (our sum of final Form C-U updates). Of the 121 issuers behind those 126, 16 still file annual reports, 40 filed a termination, 43 went quiet without one and 22 never filed either (through September 30, 2026). StartEngine's SeedInvest page says nothing about statements, tax forms or documents, and seedinvest.com itself now returns an online-casino page.

Key Takeaways

  • The price was $24 million in StartEngine stock, not cash. The October 24, 2022 agreement gave the sellers 960,000 shares at $25 a share; after StartEngine's later 20-for-1 split its filings describe the same payment as 19,200,000 shares at $1.25. On September 30, 2026 StartEngine carried the purchased assets (mostly a customer list) at $24,141,040 gross, with $11,677,419 already amortized.
  • The broker-dealer was left out. The sellers kept “their broker-dealer regulatory approvals and licenses.” SI Securities has filed an annual audit report with the SEC every year from 2020 to 2026, most recently on March 5, 2026, and its BrokerCheck status is Approved, so there is no termination date to find.
  • FINRA found, without the firm admitting or denying, that SI Securities willfully violated SEC Rule 10b-9 on a private placement, filed late or never for more than 50 offerings, missed customer complaints, and failed to deliver Form CRS at least 20,000 times. Censure and a $185,000 fine, paid July 9, 2024.
  • A New York class action over NowRx emails sent through SeedInvest (Index No. 653225/2023) reached a proposed $2.3 million cash settlement with a fairness hearing set for July 14, 2025. The defendants deny liability. We could not reach the docket to confirm final approval.
  • SeedInvest's Reg CF book was 315 offerings, 13.9% of all Form Cs in 2017 and 2.3% in 2022. It stopped taking new offerings after December 19, 2022. 22 of the 121 issuers that reported reaching their target (18%) have filed neither an annual report nor a termination, against 7 of the 12 from the 2022 cohort.
  • The Form C promised that investors could “return to SeedInvest at any time to view your portfolio of investment and obtain a summary statement.” StartEngine's page tells former investors to open a StartEngine account with the same email address. Whether that gives you every old statement and tax form is not stated anywhere we could find.

CSV · 220 rows

SeedInvest on EDGAR: 315 Reg CF offerings, the sale to StartEngine, the broker-dealer record and where issuers stand

220 rows: SI Securities Form Cs by year against the whole market; reported amounts from final Form C-U updates; the 40 largest; annual-report and termination follow-through by issuer cohort; issuers that later raised elsewhere; StartEngine acquisition terms; the BrokerCheck record and FINRA's 2024 action; the New York class action; and what StartEngine and seedinvest.com say today. Source and accession or URL on every row.

SeedInvest in one paragraph

SeedInvest was an online platform where start-ups sold shares and convertible notes to ordinary investors, with minimums as low as $500 to $1,000 per deal. The firm behind it, SI Securities, LLC, is a FINRA-member broker-dealer formed in New York on March 26, 2013 and approved by FINRA on October 7, 2014. Because it was a broker-dealer and not a funding portal, it could run Regulation Crowdfunding (Reg CF) raises itself, and its Forms C name it as the intermediary with SEC file number 8-69440. For the Reg CF deals we read, the fee line is simple: “7.5% of the amount raised” on 274 of the 315 offerings, and a December 2021 Form C adds equity compensation of 2.5% of the securities sold. The same Form C says the company was offering securities “under both Regulation CF and Regulation D” through SI Securities, so the Reg CF count below is only one slice of what SeedInvest sold. StartEngine's May 2023 press release claims SeedInvest supported “over 300 startups” that raised “more than $470 million from 700,000 users”; those are StartEngine's figures for every offering type, and Reg CF's $50.0 million is about a tenth of that (our arithmetic).

If you invested through SeedInvest, the sections that matter for your money are where your investments went and what you can do.

The sale: what StartEngine bought and what it did not

StartEngine, which is itself an SEC reporting company and one of the largest Reg CF portals by count (see our StartEngine review), told the SEC on October 27, 2022 that on October 24 it had “entered into a definitive agreement to acquire substantially all of the assets of the SeedInvest business as conducted by Circle Internet Financial Limited through its subsidiary Pluto Holdings, LLC”. The agreement was signed with Pluto Holdings, SI Securities and Circle Internet Financial Limited. Section 3.1 sets the price: 960,000 shares of StartEngine common stock at $25.00 a share, $24,000,000, “and the assumption and discharge of the Assumed Liabilities”. The closing needed FINRA's approval; StartEngine's 10-K gives May 5, 2023 as the date it “completed” the purchase, and its press release is dated May 9, 2023, “on the heels of clearance from FINRA.”

DateEventRecord
March 26, 2013SI Securities, LLC formed in New YorkFINRA BrokerCheck report
October 7, 2014FINRA approves SI Securities as a broker-dealerFINRA BrokerCheck
October 4, 2016First Form C naming SI Securities as intermediarySEC Crowdfunding Offerings Data Sets
December 14, 2021Form C (BabyQuip) promises portfolio view, summary statement and monthly account statements on SeedInvestEDGAR 0001802152-21-000002
October 24, 2022StartEngine signs the asset purchase agreement: 960,000 shares, $24 million8-K 0001104659-22-111658; 8-K/A 0001104659-22-122400
December 19, 2022Last initial Form C naming SI SecuritiesSEC Crowdfunding Offerings Data Sets
February 27, 2023Form C-U for the offering filed December 19, 2022 (deadline February 15, 2023)SEC Crowdfunding Offerings Data Sets
May 5, 2023Purchase completed, per StartEngine's 10-K10-K 0001558370-24-005129
May 9, 2023StartEngine announces the acquisition after FINRA clearance8-K/A 0001104659-23-057776, exhibit 99.3
September 28, 2023Last Form C-U naming SI Securities (a 2020 offering)SEC Crowdfunding Offerings Data Sets
July 2, 2024FINRA censures SI Securities and fines it $185,000BrokerCheck; FINRA disciplinary report, September 2024
November 5, 2024Earliest date the sellers could dissolve under the agreement (18 months after closing, our arithmetic)Asset purchase agreement, section 6.11
March 5, 2026SI Securities files its latest annual audit report (Form X-17A-5)EDGAR 0001603038-26-000003
September 30, 2026StartEngine carries the SeedInvest assets at $24,141,040 gross, $11,677,419 amortized10-Q 0001104659-26-120097

The agreement and StartEngine's own filings draw the line between what moved and what stayed:

ItemWent to StartEngine?What the document says
SeedInvest website and technology company (SeedInvest Technology, LLC)Yes8-K: the assets “include SeedInvest Technology, LLC and substantially all the assets related to owning and operating the crowdfunding platform at www.seedinvest.com”
Customer, investor and founder listsYesPress release: StartEngine takes “control of the email lists for SeedInvest’s users, investors and founders”; 10-K: “the customer list of SI Securities”
Broker-dealer SI Securities, LLC and its alternative trading systemNo10-K 2024, 2025 and the 10-Q for September 30, 2026: the agreement “specifically does not include the registered broker-dealer or the Alternative Trading System”
Equity, convertible notes and SAFEs the platform received in portfolio companiesNo8-K: the sellers retain “equity interests, convertible notes, SAFEs and all other investment contracts received”
Liabilities of the sellersNo, with one exceptionSection 2.4 excludes liabilities from claims, legal proceedings and violations of law by the sellers before closing; section 2.3(b) assumes “all liabilities arising after the Closing Date with respect to maintenance of relationships with customers of the Business, as described on Schedule 2.3(b)(iii)” (schedule withheld from the public filing)
Seller namesSellers must drop “SeedInvest” within 15 business daysSection 6.9 allows the name “SI” to stay, which is why BrokerCheck still reads SI SECURITIES, LLC

StartEngine paid in stock, so what the sellers received depends on a company whose shares trade only on its own market; we cover its price history in the StartEngine review. In its filings the purchase sits as an intangible asset, almost all of it the customer list, amortized over seven years to the second quarter of 2030.

The broker-dealer that stayed behind

SI Securities, LLC (SEC file 8-69440, CRD 170937) is owned by a single member, Pluto Holdings, LLC, and its BrokerCheck address is care of Circle Internet Group in New York. As of November 12, 2026 BrokerCheck shows it as ACTIVE and Approved, registered with the SEC, one self-regulatory organization and 53 states and territories, and lists two lines of business: private placements of securities, and an alternative trading system for securities previously bought in private placements through SI Securities. It filed annual audit reports with the SEC on March 28, 2024, March 14, 2025 and March 5, 2026, but it has named no new Reg CF offering since December 19, 2022. Nothing in the record we read shows a termination, a withdrawal of its registration or a new owner.

BrokerCheck lists exactly one disclosure, a regulatory event. FINRA accepted a letter of acceptance, waiver and consent on July 2, 2024 (matter 2018060263201), in which the firm, without admitting or denying the findings, accepted a censure and a $185,000 fine, paid in full on July 9, 2024. FINRA's September 2024 disciplinary report lists the same action and adds that it cites FINRA Rule 2010. The findings, in plain terms:

FindingWhat FINRA says
Minimum raise cut mid-offeringA private placement promised no closing before $1.29 million of subscriptions. The issuer cut the minimum to $790,000 the day before the deadline; the firm asked investors to reconfirm instead of ending the offering and returning funds, and let it close after about $935,000. This is the Rule 10b-9 violation.
Refunds routed through the firmFor terminated offerings that missed their minimum, the firm told the escrow agent to send refunds to a separate firm account instead of directly to investors. It reimbursed investors promptly from that account.
Late or missing filings with FINRAMore than 50 private placements: 39 filed between 2 and 383 days late, 17 never filed, 2 incomplete.
Customer complaintsNo separate complaint file. At least 15 complaints went unreported because the firm believed only operational complaints counted until February 2022, and at least 40 more from February to May 2023, mixed into a flood of messages about an issuer that was seeking to dissolve.
Form CRSNo supervisory system for the customer relationship summary; at least 20,000 instances of not delivering it to retail investors; the website link was not prominent enough.

The findings concern SI Securities' own conduct over several years, up to the months around the sale. StartEngine's agreement says it takes no liability for claims or violations of law by the sellers before closing, and no filing we read makes StartEngine a party to this action. FINRA did not name the issuers; neither do we.

There is also a civil case. An investor in a NowRx Series C offering sued Seed Invest Technology LLC, Pluto Holdings LLC, Circle Internet Financial plc, SI Securities LLC and two individuals in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County (Index No. 653225/2023), claiming under sections 12(a)(2) and 15 of the Securities Act that about 48 promotional emails misled buyers; the class covers purchases from February 1 to July 1, 2022. FindLaw's copy of the court's August 29, 2024 decision reports that the motion to dismiss was denied. A summary notice published on April 3, 2025 says the parties proposed a settlement of $2,300,000 in cash plus other consideration, set a fairness hearing for July 14, 2025 and a claim deadline of May 31, 2025, and records that the defendants “deny they have committed any act or omission giving rise to liability.” We could not open the settlement website or the docket, so we cannot say whether the court approved the settlement or what was paid. The Reg CF offerings in this page's data are separate from that NowRx offering unless an issuer's own Form C says otherwise.

We found no SEC order or SEC complaint naming SeedInvest or SI Securities in the sources we read.

Where your SeedInvest investments went

Three different things were called “your SeedInvest investment,” and the sale moved only one of them.

ThingWho holds itWhat the documents say
The security itself (shares, convertible note, SAFE)The issuing company, or a custodian if you invested smallBabyQuip's December 2021 Form C: “Investors who invest less than $250,000 will have their securities held in trust with a Custodian that will serve as a single shareholder of record.” The text we read does not name the custodian. The sale of the platform did not change who issued your security.
Your account: portfolio view, statements, documentsSeedInvest's operating assets, now StartEngineForm C: “You can return to SeedInvest at any time to view your portfolio of investment and obtain a summary statement.” StartEngine, November 12, 2026: “We have migrated all active SeedInvest investments into the StartEngine system.”
The broker-dealer record of your purchaseSI Securities, LLCThe firm that executed the purchase was not sold and still files with the SEC; section 6.14 lets the sellers keep a copy of the business information for legal and regulatory needs
Updates from the companyThe companyForm C: “you may also receive periodic updates from the Company about its business”; after a raise, only a Form C-AR on EDGAR is required, and many issuers stop filing (see the follow-through table below)

What StartEngine tells former SeedInvest investors, quoted from its page on November 12, 2026: create a StartEngine account at account.startengine.com “with the same email address that you used for creating your SeedInvest account,” verify the email, then create a StartEngine Investment Account. If you no longer have access to that email, contact StartEngine. The page also says: “SeedInvest is no longer operating as a standalone platform accepting new investments.” It says nothing about account statements before 2023, tax forms, or documents; it does not say what “active” means for an investment that has since been written off, sold or merged, and it is not a statement from SI Securities.

Do not look for your account at seedinvest.com. On November 12, 2026 the page at seedinvest.com was titled “Online Casinos with Highest Payouts - Top RTP Casinos Ranked,” stamped “Updated: 12th of November 2026,” with a list of casino bonuses. The Wayback Machine's index logs HTTP 301 redirects for most captures of www.seedinvest.com from April 2024 to May 31, 2026, and a normal 200 page from September 21, 2026. We do not know who controls the domain today and have no evidence that StartEngine does. Emails or sites that use the SeedInvest name and ask for a login, a password or a transfer deserve extra suspicion; type StartEngine's address yourself.

What the SEC data show: 315 offerings, 2016 to 2022

Every Reg CF offering files a Form C naming its intermediary, then progress updates (Form C-U) and annual reports (Form C-AR). The SEC publishes these as quarterly data sets. We read every quarter from 2016Q2 to 2026Q3 and kept the offerings whose Form C names SI Securities, LLC (CIK 0001603038) as intermediary. For the amount raised we followed the reading in our Reg CF census: the last Form C-U that states a dollar amount, counted as reaching its target when that amount is at or above the target, with amounts above the $5 million cap skipped. These are amounts reported at close, not money after refunds or what is left today.

Form C filed inSeedInvest Form CsAll intermediariesSeedInvest shareReported at or above targetSum reported
201631921.6%3$640,350.00
20177352413.9%24$8,313,555.87
2018667638.7%28$11,237,233.00
2019657159.1%18$4,520,928.91
2020411,1653.5%18$5,914,534.76
2021301,5861.9%22$13,493,529.59
2022371,6192.3%13$5,891,461.80
Total315126$50,011,593.93

SeedInvest was third by count in 2017 (73 Form Cs, behind StartEngine Capital's 138 and Wefunder Portal's 109), third in 2018 (66) and fourth in 2019 (65). Then the market grew without it: its count fell to 41 in 2020 and 30 in 2021 while the total passed 1,500. The typical SeedInvest offering set a $25,000 target (median) with a ceiling at the Reg CF limit then in force, $1.0 to $1.07 million in most years and $1.235 million in the median 2022 filing. The 2016 median target was $150,000.

What happened to the 315 offerings, by our reading of the Form C-U text and the withdrawal forms:

Outcome in the dataOfferings
Last Form C-U reports an amount at or above target126
Last Form C-U reports an amount below target (one: $103,000 against a $1,000,000 target)1
Form C-U says the offering failed2
Withdrawal form (Form C-W or similar) and no C-U amount14
Nothing after the Form C172

The 172 are not all failures. SeedInvest ran many of its deals in parallel with Regulation D, and our census found that many issuers never file a final Form C-U, so a missing update does not tell you the result. What the 126 tell you is the floor: $50,011,593.93, median $300,000, with 8 offerings above $1,000,000. Only 127 of 315 offerings (40.3%) have any C-U amount, against 79.8% of StartEngine Capital's 2022-2025 offerings in our census, so the true Reg CF total through SeedInvest is probably higher than our sum.

The 15 largest reported offerings, and who still files

“Still filing” means a Form C-AR in 2025 or 2026 and no termination after it. “Filed C-TR” means the issuer ended its reporting duty with a Form C-TR. “Quiet” means the last Form C-AR was before 2025 and no C-TR followed. The Form C-AR duty ends only on the exits in 17 CFR 227.202(b), described in the census, so a quiet issuer may simply have been acquired or dissolved without telling the SEC.

#Issuer (state)Form C filedReported at closeSecurityStatus on EDGAR, September 30, 2026
1Cytonics Corp (FL)Apr 6, 2022$2,843,708.73Preferred stockStill filing: C-AR May 4, 2026 (it had filed a C-TR in March 2021 and resumed)
2AMASS BRANDS (CA)Mar 18, 2021$1,478,608.96Preferred stockStill filing: C-AR Sep 4, 2025
3Fantasy Sports Co (CA)Mar 15, 2021$1,231,515.66Preferred stockFiled C-TR Nov 4, 2022
4Ondello Inc. (CA)Apr 6, 2017$1,070,000.00Preferred stockQuiet: last C-AR May 1, 2019
5Edisun Microgrids, Inc. (CA)Oct 17, 2017$1,070,000.00Preferred stockFiled C-TR Mar 20, 2019
6WorldViz, LLC (CA)Feb 8, 2018$1,070,000.00Preferred stockFiled C-TR Apr 15, 2021
7Inside.com, Inc. (CA)Jun 28, 2018$1,070,000.00DebtFiled C-TR May 18, 2023
8Gin & Luck LLC (CA)Jul 27, 2018$1,070,000.00Preferred stockStill filing: C-AR Apr 30, 2026 (C-TR in April 2023, then resumed)
9Driven Technologies, Inc (CO)Apr 19, 2021$999,977.42DebtQuiet: last C-AR May 20, 2022
10Endeavour Capital Partners LLC (CA)Nov 2, 2021$980,544.50DebtQuiet: last C-AR May 3, 2022
11O2, Inc. (OH)Dec 30, 2021$935,271.46Preferred stockStill filing: C-AR May 13, 2026
12Corsica Innovations Inc. (CO)Apr 5, 2017$904,000.00Preferred stockFiled C-TR Mar 8, 2021
13BabyQuip, Inc. (NM)Dec 14, 2021$901,675.49Preferred stockStill filing: C-AR Apr 30, 2026
14SynTouch, Inc. (CA)Mar 8, 2018$837,500.00Preferred stockFiled C-TR Mar 21, 2022
15FourQ Technologies Inc. (MN)Nov 18, 2020$749,621.51DebtFiled C-TR Apr 30, 2026

“Debt” is the category the Form C used; the terms of each security are in the Form C itself. The full top 40 with each issuer's C-AR count is in the CSV.

Did the companies keep reporting?

A company that sold securities under Reg CF owes the SEC and its investors a Form C-AR each year until it qualifies to stop and files a Form C-TR. We matched all 121 issuers whose SeedInvest offering reported reaching its target, by issuer CIK, against every C-AR and C-TR filed after their first SeedInvest Form C, through September 30, 2026. The latest event decides the category.

First SeedInvest Form CIssuersStill filingFiled C-TRQuiet (no C-AR since 2024 or earlier)Neither C-AR nor C-TR
201630201
201725111103
20182631283
2019183852
2020170665
20212061121
2022123027
Total12116404322

Read it carefully. 22 issuers (18%) that reported raising at least their target have filed neither an annual report nor a termination, and they reported $6,202,430.22 between them. In the 2022 cohort the gap is wider: 7 of 12. For the whole market our census found that 40.7% of issuers whose 2022 offering reached its target had filed neither, so SeedInvest's small 2022 group is worse than the market on this one measure, but at n of 12 we would not lean on it. The other end is real too: 16 SeedInvest issuers filed an annual report in 2025 or 2026.

If your company is among the 43 quiet ones, that is a signal to ask the company a question, not proof it has closed. Across all 301 issuers, 112 have filed at least one C-AR (281 annual-report filings in total) and 189 have filed none since their first SeedInvest Form C, which includes offerings that never closed.

Where the companies went next

SeedInvest did not keep its issuers. After their first SeedInvest Form C, 57 of the 301 issuers filed 87 more Forms C naming another intermediary. StartEngine's entities took 40 of them, from 29 issuers (StartEngine Capital 32, StartEngine Primary 8), then Wefunder Portal with 19 from 16 issuers, OpenDeal Portal with 12 from 11, and DealMaker Securities with 8 from 4. Since the May 5, 2023 closing, 20 Forms C from 15 SeedInvest issuers named a StartEngine entity (our counts; some of those issuers also appear in other tables). Some SeedInvest founders went on to raise on StartEngine; the data cannot say whether the purchase had anything to do with it.

What a reader can do with this

  • Open a StartEngine account with the same email address you used at SeedInvest (type account.startengine.com yourself). It is StartEngine's own instruction, and the only route its page describes to your migrated holdings.
  • Ask StartEngine in writing for what the page does not cover: statements and confirmations from before 2023, tax forms for each year, and which entity now answers for your records. Keep the answer. If StartEngine says SI Securities holds a record, ask SI Securities; it is still registered and files with the SEC.
  • Find each company on EDGAR. Search the company name; its Form C has the terms, its C-U the closed amount, its C-AR the latest numbers and whether it still operates. Use the CSV to see if yours is among the 16, the 40 with a termination, the 43 quiet or the 22 with nothing.
  • Find your own paperwork. Your original confirmation email and the investment agreement say whether a custodian holds your shares. If the investment was under $250,000 in an offering with the custody clause above, the custodian's account agreement governs delivery of your information.
  • If the company is quiet, write to it at the address on its Form C and ask for its latest annual report and your holding. Many early-stage companies answer small investors only when asked.
  • Do not act on messages using the SeedInvest name. The old domain is no longer SeedInvest's. For how a failed or sold start-up stake is treated at tax time, speak to a tax professional; this page does not cover it.
  • If you were a NowRx investor in 2022, the settlement notice above lists the claims website and the deadlines (May 31, 2025 for claims). Whether any money remains to claim is not something we can confirm.

For other Reg CF platforms that closed, see what happened to Mainvest and our list of real estate crowdfunding failures. To judge a platform before you invest, read how StartEngine's filings look and the Wefunder review.

This is analysis of public documents, not investment, legal or tax advice.

FAQ

Sources, read on November 12, 2026: the SEC's Crowdfunding Offerings Data Sets, 2016Q2 to 2026Q3 (submission, issuer information and disclosure tables), filtered to Forms C naming SI Securities, LLC (CIK 0001603038, file 008-69440) and matched by issuer CIK to every Form C-AR, C-TR and withdrawal; StartEngine Crowdfunding, Inc. / StartEngine Inc. (CIK 1661779) Form 8-K of October 27, 2022 (0001104659-22-111658), Form 8-K/A of November 28, 2022 with the Asset Purchase Agreement as exhibit 99.2 (0001104659-22-122400), Form 8-K/A of May 9, 2023 with press release exhibit 99.3 (0001104659-23-057776), Forms 10-K for 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025 (0001410578-23-000524, 0001558370-24-005129, 0001558370-25-004188, 0001104659-26-037922), the Form 10-Q for March 31, 2023 (0001410578-23-001102) and the Form 10-Q for September 30, 2026 (0001104659-26-120097); the BabyQuip, Inc. Form C of December 14, 2021 (0001802152-21-000002); SI Securities, LLC EDGAR filing list (Form X-17A-5 of March 5, 2026, 0001603038-26-000003); FINRA BrokerCheck report and API record for SI Securities, LLC (CRD 170937); FINRA's Disciplinary and Other FINRA Actions, September 2024; the StartEngine pages startengine.com/seedinvest and its May 18, 2023 blog post; the seedinvest.com home page and response headers on November 12, 2026 and the Wayback Machine's capture index for seedinvest.com; the summary notice of proposed settlement in the New York County Supreme Court class action, Index No. 653225/2023 (PR Newswire, April 3, 2025); and FindLaw's copy of the court's August 29, 2024 decision. Counts, shares, sums, medians and issuer-status categories are our arithmetic; amounts raised come only from Form C-U text as filed. This is analysis of public documents, not investment, legal or tax advice.

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